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| This is part of the bias module |
Used to performed Parallel Bias MetaDynamics.
This action activate Parallel Bias MetaDynamics (PBMetaD) [70], a version of MetaDynamics [57] in which multiple low-dimensional bias potentials are applied in parallel. In the current implementation, these have the form of mono-dimensional MetaDynamics bias potentials:
\[ {V(s_1,t), ..., V(s_N,t)} \]
where:
\[ V(s_i,t) = \sum_{ k \tau < t} W_i(k \tau) \exp\left( - \frac{(s_i-s_i^{(0)}(k \tau))^2}{2\sigma_i^2} \right). \]
To ensure the convergence of each mono-dimensional bias potential to the corresponding free energy, at each deposition step the Gaussian heights are multiplied by the so-called conditional term:
\[ W_i(k \tau)=W_0 \frac{\exp\left( - \frac{V(s_i,k \tau)}{k_B T} \right)}{\sum_{i=1}^N \exp\left( - \frac{V(s_i,k \tau)}{k_B T} \right)} \]
where \(W_0\) is the initial Gaussian height.
The PBMetaD bias potential is defined by:
\[ V_{PB}(\vec{s},t) = -k_B T \log{\sum_{i=1}^N \exp\left( - \frac{V(s_i,t)}{k_B T} \right)}. \]
Information on the Gaussian functions that build each bias potential are printed to multiple HILLS files, which are used both to restart the calculation and to reconstruct the mono-dimensional free energies as a function of the corresponding CVs. These can be reconstructed using the sum_hills utility because the final bias is given by:
\[ V(s_i) = -F(s_i) \]
Currently, only a subset of the METAD options are available in PBMetaD.
The bias potentials can be stored on a grid to increase performances of long PBMetaD simulations. You should provide either the number of bins for every collective variable (GRID_BIN) or the desired grid spacing (GRID_SPACING). In case you provide both PLUMED will use the most conservative choice (highest number of bins) for each dimension. In case you do not provide any information about bin size (neither GRID_BIN nor GRID_SPACING) and if Gaussian width is fixed PLUMED will use 1/5 of the Gaussian width as grid spacing. This default choice should be reasonable for most applications.
Another option that is available is well-tempered metadynamics [7]. In this variant of PBMetaD the heights of the Gaussian hills are rescaled at each step by the additional well-tempered metadynamics term. This ensures that each bias converges more smoothly. It should be noted that, in the case of well-tempered metadynamics, in the output printed the Gaussian height is re-scaled using the bias factor. Also notice that with well-tempered metadynamics the HILLS files do not contain the bias, but the negative of the free-energy estimate. This choice has the advantage that one can restart a simulation using a different value for the \(\Delta T\). The applied bias will be scaled accordingly.
Note that you can use here also the flexible gaussian approach [22] in which you can adapt the gaussian to the extent of Cartesian space covered by a variable or to the space in collective variable covered in a given time. In this case the width of the deposited gaussian potential is denoted by one value only that is a Cartesian space (ADAPTIVE=GEOM) or a time (ADAPTIVE=DIFF). Note that a specific integration technique for the deposited gaussians should be used in this case. Check the documentation for utility sum_hills.
With the keyword INTERVAL one changes the metadynamics algorithm setting the bias force equal to zero outside boundary [6]. If, for example, metadynamics is performed on a CV s and one is interested only to the free energy for s > sw, the history dependent potential is still updated according to the above equations but the metadynamics force is set to zero for s < sw. Notice that Gaussians are added also if s < sw, as the tails of these Gaussians influence VG in the relevant region s > sw. In this way, the force on the system in the region s > sw comes from both metadynamics and the force field, in the region s < sw only from the latter. This approach allows obtaining a history-dependent bias potential VG that fluctuates around a stable estimator, equal to the negative of the free energy far enough from the boundaries. Note that:
Multiple walkers [75] can also be used. See below the examples.
By default this Action calculates the following quantities. These quanties can be referenced elsewhere in the input by using this Action's label followed by a dot and the name of the quantity required from the list below.
| Quantity | Description |
| bias | the instantaneous value of the bias potential |
| SIGMA | the widths of the Gaussian hills |
| PACE | the frequency for hill addition, one for all biases |
| NUMERICAL_DERIVATIVES | ( default=off ) calculate the derivatives for these quantities numerically |
| GRID_SPARSE | ( default=off ) use a sparse grid to store hills |
| GRID_NOSPLINE | ( default=off ) don't use spline interpolation with grids |
| WALKERS_MPI | ( default=off ) Switch on MPI version of multiple walkers - not compatible with WALKERS_* options other than WALKERS_DIR |
| ARG | the input for this action is the scalar output from one or more other actions. The particular scalars that you will use are referenced using the label of the action. If the label appears on its own then it is assumed that the Action calculates a single scalar value. The value of this scalar is thus used as the input to this new action. If * or *.* appears the scalars calculated by all the proceding actions in the input file are taken. Some actions have multi-component outputs and each component of the output has a specific label. For example a DISTANCE action labelled dist may have three componets x, y and z. To take just the x component you should use dist.x, if you wish to take all three components then use dist.*.More information on the referencing of Actions can be found in the section of the manual on the PLUMED Getting Started. Scalar values can also be referenced using POSIX regular expressions as detailed in the section on Regular Expressions. To use this feature you you must compile PLUMED with the appropriate flag. You can use multiple instances of this keyword i.e. ARG1, ARG2, ARG3... |
| FILE | files in which the lists of added hills are stored, default names are assigned using arguments if FILE is not found |
| HEIGHT | the height of the Gaussian hills, one for all biases. Compulsory unless TAU, TEMP and BIASFACTOR are given |
| FMT | specify format for HILLS files (useful for decrease the number of digits in regtests) |
| BIASFACTOR | use well tempered metadynamics with this biasfactor, one for all biases. Please note you must also specify temp |
| TEMP | the system temperature - this is only needed if you are doing well-tempered metadynamics |
| TAU | in well tempered metadynamics, sets height to (kb*DeltaT*pace*timestep)/tau |
| GRID_RFILES | read grid for the bias |
| GRID_WSTRIDE | frequency for dumping the grid |
| GRID_WFILES | dump grid for the bias, default names are used if GRID_WSTRIDE is used without GRID_WFILES. |
| GRID_MIN | the lower bounds for the grid |
| GRID_MAX | the upper bounds for the grid |
| GRID_BIN | the number of bins for the grid |
| GRID_SPACING | the approximate grid spacing (to be used as an alternative or together with GRID_BIN) |
| SELECTOR | add forces and do update based on the value of SELECTOR |
| SELECTOR_ID | value of SELECTOR |
| WALKERS_ID | walker id |
| WALKERS_N | number of walkers |
| WALKERS_DIR | shared directory with the hills files from all the walkers |
| WALKERS_RSTRIDE | stride for reading hills files |
| INTERVAL_MIN | monodimensional lower limits, outside the limits the system will not feel the biasing force. |
| INTERVAL_MAX | monodimensional upper limits, outside the limits the system will not feel the biasing force. |
| ADAPTIVE | use a geometric (=GEOM) or diffusion (=DIFF) based hills width scheme. Sigma is one number that has distance units or timestep dimensions |
| SIGMA_MAX | the upper bounds for the sigmas (in CV units) when using adaptive hills. Negative number means no bounds |
| SIGMA_MIN | the lower bounds for the sigmas (in CV units) when using adaptive hills. Negative number means no bounds |
| RESTART | allows per-action setting of restart (YES/NO/AUTO) |
| UPDATE_FROM | Only update this action from this time |
| UPDATE_UNTIL | Only update this action until this time |
The following input is for PBMetaD calculation using as collective variables the distance between atoms 3 and 5 and the distance between atoms 2 and 4. The value of the CVs and the PBMetaD bias potential are written to the COLVAR file every 100 steps.
DISTANCE ATOMS=3,5 LABEL=d1 DISTANCE ATOMS=2,4 LABEL=d2 PBMETAD ARG=d1,d2 SIGMA=0.2,0.2 HEIGHT=0.3 PACE=500 LABEL=pb FILE=HILLS_d1,HILLS_d2 PRINT ARG=d1,d2,pb.bias STRIDE=100 FILE=COLVAR
(See also DISTANCE and PRINT).
DISTANCE ATOMS=3,5 LABEL=d1 DISTANCE ATOMS=2,4 LABEL=d2 PBMETAD ... ARG=d1,d2 SIGMA=0.2,0.2 HEIGHT=0.3 PACE=500 BIASFACTOR=8 LABEL=pb FILE=HILLS_d1,HILLS_d2 ... PBMETAD PRINT ARG=d1,d2,pb.bias STRIDE=100 FILE=COLVAR
DISTANCE ATOMS=3,5 LABEL=d1 DISTANCE ATOMS=2,4 LABEL=d2 PBMETAD ... ARG=d1,d2 SIGMA=0.2,0.2 HEIGHT=0.3 PACE=500 BIASFACTOR=8 LABEL=pb FILE=HILLS_d1,HILLS_d2 WALKERS_MPI ... PBMETAD PRINT ARG=d1,d2,pb.bias STRIDE=100 FILE=COLVAR
DISTANCE ATOMS=3,5 LABEL=d1 DISTANCE ATOMS=2,4 LABEL=d2 PBMETAD ... ARG=d1,d2 SIGMA=0.2,0.2 HEIGHT=0.3 PACE=500 BIASFACTOR=8 LABEL=pb FILE=HILLS_d1,HILLS_d2 WALKERS_N=10 WALKERS_ID=3 WALKERS_DIR=../ WALKERS_RSTRIDE=100 ... PBMETAD PRINT ARG=d1,d2,pb.bias STRIDE=100 FILE=COLVARwhere WALKERS_N is the total number of walkers, WALKERS_ID is the id of the present walker (starting from 0 ) and the WALKERS_DIR is the directory where all the walkers are located. WALKERS_RSTRIDE is the number of step between one update and the other.
1.8.14