	This is part of the crystallization module
	It is only available if you configure PLUMED with ./configure –enable-modules=crystallization . Furthermore, this feature is still being developed so take care when using it and report any problems on the mailing list.

Calculate a variant on the SMAC collective variable discussed in [44]

The SMAC collective variable can be used to study the formation of molecular solids from either the melt or from solution. The idea behind this variable is that what differentiates a molecular solid from a molecular liquid is an alignment of internal vectors in neighboring molecules. In other words, the relative orientation of neighboring molecules is no longer random as it is in a liquid. In a solid particular torsional angles between molecules are preferred. As such this CV calculates the following average:

\[ s_i = \frac{ \left\{ 1 - \psi\left[ \sum_{j \ne i} \sigma(r_{ij}) \right] \right\} \sum_{j \ne i} \sigma(r_{ij}) \sum_n K_n(\theta_{ij}) }{ \sum_{j \ne i} \sigma(r_{ij}) } \]

In this expression $r_{ij}$ is the distance between molecule $i$ and molecule $j$ and $\sigma(r_{ij})$ is a switchingfunction that acts on this distance. By including this switching function in the second summation in the numerator and in the denominator we are thus ensuring that we calculate an average over the molecules in the first coordination sphere of molecule $i$. All molecules in higher coordination sphere will essentially contribute zero to the sums in the above expression because their $\sigma(r_{ij})$ will be very small. $\psi$ is also a switching function. The term including $\psi$ in the numerator is there to ensure that only those molecules that are attached to a reasonably large number of molecules. It is important to include this "more than" switching function when you are simulating nucleation from solution with this CV. Lastly, the $K_n functions are kernelfunctions that take the torsion angle, $\theta_{ij}$, between the internal orientation vectors for molecules $i$ and $j$ as input. These kernel functions should be set so that they are equal to one when the relative orientation of the moleclues are as they are in the solid and equal to zero otherwise. The final $s_i$ quantity thus measures whether (on average) the molecules in the first coordination sphere around molecule $i$ are oriented as they would be in the solid. Furthermore, this Action is a multicolvar so you can calculate the $s_i$ values for all the molecules in your system simultaneously and then determine the average, the number less than and so on.

Description of components

When the label of this action is used as the input for a second you are not referring to a scalar quantity as you are in regular collective variables. The label is used to reference the full set of quantities calculated by the action. This is usual when using MultiColvar functions. Generally when doing this the previously calculated multicolvar will be referenced using the DATA keyword rather than ARG.

This Action can be used to calculate the following scalar quantities directly. These quantities are calculated by employing the keywords listed below. These quantities can then be referenced elsewhere in the input file by using this Action's label followed by a dot and the name of the quantity. Some amongst them can be calculated multiple times with different parameters. In this case the quantities calculated can be referenced elsewhere in the input by using the name of the quantity followed by a numerical identifier e.g. label.lessthan-1, label.lessthan-2 etc. When doing this and, for clarity we have made the label of the components customizable. As such by using the LABEL keyword in the description of the keyword input you can customize the component name

Quantity	Keyword	Description
between	BETWEEN	the number/fraction of values within a certain range. This is calculated using one of the formula described in the description of the keyword so as to make it continuous. You can calculate this quantity multiple times using different parameters.
highest	HIGHEST	the lowest of the quantitities calculated by this action
lessthan	LESS_THAN	the number of values less than a target value. This is calculated using one of the formula described in the description of the keyword so as to make it continuous. You can calculate this quantity multiple times using different parameters.
lowest	LOWEST	the lowest of the quantitities calculated by this action
mean	MEAN	the mean value. The output component can be refererred to elsewhere in the input file by using the label.mean
min	MIN	the minimum value. This is calculated using the formula described in the description of the keyword so as to make it continuous.
moment	MOMENTS	the central moments of the distribution of values. The second moment would be referenced elsewhere in the input file using label.moment-2, the third as label.moment-3, etc.
morethan	MORE_THAN	the number of values more than a target value. This is calculated using one of the formula described in the description of the keyword so as to make it continuous. You can calculate this quantity multiple times using different parameters.

The atoms involved can be specified using

SPECIES

this keyword is used for colvars such as coordination number. In that context it specifies that plumed should calculate one coordination number for each of the atoms specified. Each of these coordination numbers specifies how many of the other specified atoms are within a certain cutoff of the central atom. You can specify the atoms here as another multicolvar action or using a MultiColvarFilter or ActionVolume action. When you do so the quantity is calculated for those atoms specified in the previous multicolvar. This is useful if you would like to calculate the Steinhardt parameter for those atoms that have a coordination number more than four for example

Or alternatively by using

SPECIESA

this keyword is used for colvars such as the coordination number. In that context it species that plumed should calculate one coordination number for each of the atoms specified in SPECIESA. Each of these cooordination numbers specifies how many of the atoms specifies using SPECIESB is within the specified cutoff. As with the species keyword the input can also be specified using the label of another multicolvar

SPECIESB

this keyword is used for colvars such as the coordination number. It must appear with SPECIESA. For a full explanation see the documentation for that keyword

Compulsory keywords

NN	( default=6 ) The n parameter of the switching function
MM	( default=0 ) The m parameter of the switching function; 0 implies 2*NN
D_0	( default=0.0 ) The d_0 parameter of the switching function
R_0	The r_0 parameter of the switching function
KERNEL	The kernels used in the function of the angle You can use multiple instances of this keyword i.e. KERNEL1, KERNEL2, KERNEL3...
SWITCH_COORD	This keyword is used to define the coordination switching function.

Options

NUMERICAL_DERIVATIVES	( default=off ) calculate the derivatives for these quantities numerically
NOPBC	( default=off ) ignore the periodic boundary conditions when calculating distances
SERIAL	( default=off ) do the calculation in serial. Do not parallelize
LOWMEM	( default=off ) lower the memory requirements
TIMINGS	( default=off ) output information on the timings of the various parts of the calculation
SWITCH	This keyword is used if you want to employ an alternative to the continuous swiching function defined above. The following provides information on the switchingfunction that are available. When this keyword is present you no longer need the NN, MM, D_0 and R_0 keywords.
MEAN	take the mean of these variables. The final value can be referenced using label.mean. You can use multiple instances of this keyword i.e. MEAN1, MEAN2, MEAN3... The corresponding values are then referenced using label.mean-1, label.mean-2, label.mean-3...
MORE_THAN	calculate the number of variables more than a certain target value. This quantity is calculated using $\sum_i 1.0 - \sigma(s_i)$, where $\sigma(s)$ is a switchingfunction. The final value can be referenced using label.morethan. You can use multiple instances of this keyword i.e. MORE_THAN1, MORE_THAN2, MORE_THAN3... The corresponding values are then referenced using label.morethan-1, label.morethan-2, label.morethan-3...
LESS_THAN	calculate the number of variables less than a certain target value. This quantity is calculated using $\sum_i \sigma(s_i)$, where $\sigma(s)$ is a switchingfunction. The final value can be referenced using label.lessthan. You can use multiple instances of this keyword i.e. LESS_THAN1, LESS_THAN2, LESS_THAN3... The corresponding values are then referenced using label.lessthan-1, label.lessthan-2, label.lessthan-3...
MIN	calculate the minimum value. To make this quantity continuous the minimum is calculated using $ \textrm{min} = \frac{\beta}{ \log \sum_i \exp\left( \frac{\beta}{s_i} \right) } $ The value of $\beta$ in this function is specified using (BETA= $\beta$) The final value can be referenced using label.min. You can use multiple instances of this keyword i.e. MIN1, MIN2, MIN3... The corresponding values are then referenced using label.min-1, label.min-2, label.min-3...
BETWEEN	calculate the number of values that are within a certain range. These quantities are calculated using kernel density estimation as described on histogrambead. The final value can be referenced using label.between. You can use multiple instances of this keyword i.e. BETWEEN1, BETWEEN2, BETWEEN3... The corresponding values are then referenced using label.between-1, label.between-2, label.between-3...
HISTOGRAM	calculate a discretized histogram of the distribution of values. This shortcut allows you to calculates NBIN quantites like BETWEEN. The final value can be referenced using label.histogram. You can use multiple instances of this keyword i.e. HISTOGRAM1, HISTOGRAM2, HISTOGRAM3... The corresponding values are then referenced using label.histogram-1, label.histogram-2, label.histogram-3...
MOMENTS	calculate the moments of the distribution of collective variables. The $m$th moment of a distribution is calculated using $\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^N ( s_i - \overline{s} )^m $, where $\overline{s}$ is the average for the distribution. The moments keyword takes a lists of integers as input or a range. Each integer is a value of $m$. The final calculated values can be referenced using moment- $m$.
LOWEST	this flag allows you to recover the lowest of these variables. The final value can be referenced using label.lowest
HIGHEST	this flag allows you to recover the highest of these variables. The final value can be referenced using label.highest

Examples

In the example below the orientation of the molecules in the system is determined by calculating the vector that connects a pair of atoms. SMAC is then used to determine whether the molecules are sitting in a solid or liquid like environment. We can determine whether the environment is solid or liquid like because in the solid the torsional angle between the bond vectors on adjacent molecules is close to 0 or $\pi$. The final quantity that is output to the colvar file measures the number of molecules that have a SMAC parameter that is greater than 0.7. N.B. By using the indices of three atoms for each of the MOL keywords below we are telling PLUMED to use the first two numbers to determine the orientation of the molecule that will ultimately be used when calculating the $\theta_{ij}$ terms in the formula above. The atom with the third index meanwhile is used when we calculate $r_{ij}$.

MOLECULES ...
MOL1=9,10,9
MOL2=89,90,89
MOL3=473,474,473
MOL4=1161,1162,1161
MOL5=1521,1522,1521
MOL6=1593,1594,1593
MOL7=1601,1602,1601
MOL8=2201,2202,2201
LABEL=m3
... MOLECULES

SMAC ...
   SPECIES=m3 LOWMEM
   KERNEL1={GAUSSIAN CENTER=0 SIGMA=0.480} KERNEL2={GAUSSIAN CENTER=pi SIGMA=0.480}
   SWITCH={RATIONAL R_0=0.6} MORE_THAN={RATIONAL R_0=0.7} SWITCH_COORD={EXP R_0=4}
   LABEL=s2
... SMAC

PRINT ARG=s2.* FILE=colvar

This second example works in a way that is very similar to the previous command. Now, however, the orientation of the molecules is determined by finding the plane that contains the positions of three atoms.

PLANES ...
MOL1=9,10,11
MOL2=89,90,91
MOL3=473,474,475
MOL4=1161,1162,1163
MOL5=1521,1522,1523
MOL6=1593,1594,1595
MOL7=1601,1602,1603
MOL8=2201,2202,2203
VMEAN
LABEL=m3
... PLANES

SMAC ...
   SPECIES=m3 LOWMEM
   KERNEL1={GAUSSIAN CENTER=0 SIGMA=0.480} KERNEL2={GAUSSIAN CENTER=pi SIGMA=0.480}
   SWITCH={RATIONAL R_0=0.6} MORE_THAN={RATIONAL R_0=0.7} SWITCH_COORD={EXP R_0=3.0}
   LABEL=s2
... SMAC

PRINT ARG=s2.* FILE=colvar